Abstract

Aluminum has many advantages, such as being lightweight, but it may not provide sufficient wear resistance for some applications. Tantalum oxide is a ceramic-based coating layer that can improve wear resistance. In this study, 2024 aluminum alloy samples with different surface treatments were coated with amorphous Ta2O5 using the RF spraying method under the same conditions. Polishing, 10% HCl solution, 5% NaOH solution, and 50% HNO3 solution, as well as sandblasting, were applied to the surfaces of aluminum alloys separately, and the sample groups were coated. The effects of pre-coating surface treatments on coating morphology and wear resistance were investigated. The surface morphologies of the coatings were examined using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersion spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Wear tests were then conducted to determine the mechanical properties, and after the tests, scanning electron microscopy examinations and volume loss calculations were performed using a profilometer. The wear test results were discussed and compared. The investigation yielded continuous, homogeneous, and crack-free coatings on the 2024 aluminum alloy surfaces. However, the wear resistance of these coatings was compromised by acid etching. Following polishing and sandblasting, the coated surfaces experienced a decrease in volume losses from abrasion by 4.3% and 44.8%, respectively, compared to the uncoated samples.

References

1.
Davis
,
J. R.
,
1993
,
Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys
,
ASM International
,
Ohio
.
2.
Fayed
,
S. M.
,
Gao
,
P.
,
Chen
,
D.
,
Li
,
S.
,
Zhou
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
H.
, and
Sadawy
,
M. M.
,
2021
, “
Corrosion Inhibition Characteristics of Multilayer Si-DLC, Phosphating and Anodizing Coatings Deposited on 2024 Al Alloy: A Comparative Study
,”
Diamond. Relat. Mater.
,
117
, p.
108460
.
3.
Stoica
,
A. I.
,
Swiatowska
,
J.
,
Romaine
,
A.
,
Di Franco
,
F.
,
Qi
,
J.
,
Mercier
,
D.
,
Seyeux
,
A.
,
Zanna
,
S.
, and
Marcus
,
P.
,
2019
, “
Influence of Post-Treatment Time of Trivalent Chromium Protection Coating on Aluminium Alloy 2024-T3 on Improved Corrosion Resistance
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
369
, pp.
186
197
.
4.
Baran
,
Ö
,
Keleş
,
A.
,
Çiçek
,
H.
,
Totik
,
Y.
, and
Efeoğlu
,
İ.
,
2017
, “
The Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Ti [Nb, V] N Films on the Al-2024 Alloy
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
332
, pp.
312
318
.
5.
Chi
,
Y.
,
Meng
,
X.
,
Dou
,
J.
,
Yu
,
H.
, and
Chen
,
C.
,
2021
, “
Laser Alloying With Fe–B4C–Ti on AA6061 for Improved Wear Resistance
,”
Surf. Eng.
,
37
(
12
), pp.
1503
1513
.
6.
Wang
,
J.-H.
,
Du
,
M.-H.
,
Han
,
F.-Z.
, and
Yang
,
J.
,
2014
, “
Effects of the Ratio of Anodic and Cathodic Currents on the Characteristics of Micro-Arc Oxidation Ceramic Coatings on Al Alloys
,”
Appl. Surf. Sci.
,
292
, pp.
658
664
.
7.
Dey
,
D.
, and
Biswas
,
A.
,
2021
, “
Comparative Study of Physical, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Al2024 Alloy and SiC-TiB2 Composites
,”
Silicon
,
13
(
6
), pp.
1895
1906
.
8.
Durmus
,
H.
,
Gül
,
C.
,
Çömez
,
N.
, and
Yurddaşkal
,
M.
,
2019
, “
An Investigation Into the Wear Behavior of Aged Alumix321/SiC Composites Fabricated by Hot Pressing
,”
Rev. Metal.
,
55
(
3
), p.
e148
.
9.
Singh
,
H.
,
Haq
,
M. I. U.
, and
Raina
,
A.
,
2020
, “
Dry Sliding Friction and Wear Behaviour of AA6082-TiB2 In Situ Composites
,”
Silicon
,
12
(
6
), pp.
1469
1479
.
10.
Pazhouhanfar
,
Y.
, and
Eghbali
,
B.
,
2018
, “
Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of TiB2 Reinforced Al6061 Matrix Composites Produced Using Stir Casting Process
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng.: A
,
710
, pp.
172
180
.
11.
Uzun
,
A.
,
Aşıkuzun
,
E.
,
Gökmen
,
U.
, and
Cinici
,
H.
,
2018
, “
Vickers Microhardness Studies on B4C Reinforced/Unreinforced Foamable Aluminium Composites
,”
Trans. Indian Inst. Met.
,
71
(
2
), pp.
327
337
.
12.
Zhang
,
F.
,
Yan
,
M.
,
He
,
J.
, and
Yin
,
F.
,
2017
, “
Microstructure Evolution and Wear Resistance of Nitride/Aluminide Coatings on the Surface of Ti-Coated 2024 Al Alloy During Plasma Nitriding
,”
Ceram. Int.
,
43
(
14
), pp.
10832
10839
.
13.
Barooah
,
R. K.
,
Paiva
,
J. M.
,
Arif
,
A. F. M.
,
Rawal
,
S.
,
Bose
,
B.
, and
Veldhuis
,
S.C.
,
2021
, “
Investigation on Wear Mechanisms of PVD Coatings for Form Taps in Threading of Al-Si Alloy
,”
Wear
,
464
, p.
203528
.
14.
Ezazi
,
M. A.
,
Quazi
,
M. M.
,
Zalnezhad
,
E.
, and
Sarhan
,
A. A.
,
2014
, “
Enhancing the Tribo-Mechanical Properties of Aerospace AL7075-T6 by Magnetron-Sputtered Ti/TiN, Cr/CrN & TiCr/TiCrN Thin Film Ceramic Coatings
,”
Ceram. Int.
,
40
(10), pp.
15603
15615
.
15.
Ghasemi
,
S.
,
Shanaghi
,
A.
, and
Chu
,
P. K.
,
2017
, “
Nano Mechanical and Wear Properties of Multi-Layer Ti/TiN Coatings Deposited on Al 7075 by High-Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering
,”
Thin Solid Films
,
638
, pp.
96
104
.
16.
Kumar
,
P. K.
,
Manikandan
,
V. N.
,
Deepak Raj
,
P.
, and
Sridharan
,
M.
,
2016
, “
Characterization of Magnetron Sputtered Si3N4 Thin Films Deposited on Aluminum Alloy Substrates
,”
Mater. Today
,
3
(
6
), pp.
1536
1540
.
17.
Mura
,
A.
,
Canavese
,
G.
,
Goti
,
E.
,
Rivolo
,
P.
,
Wang
,
H.
,
Ji
,
X.
, and
Kong
,
J.
,
2020
, “
Effect of Different Types of Graphene Coatings on Friction and Wear Performance of Aluminum Alloy
,”
Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct.
,
29
(
4
), pp.
539
547
.
18.
Rudnev
,
V. S.
,
Vaganov-Vil’kins
,
A. A.
,
Yarovaya
,
T. P.
, and
Pavlov
,
A. D.
,
2016
, “
Polytetrafluoroethylene-Oxide Coatings on Aluminum Alloys
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
307
(
C
), pp.
1249
1254
.
19.
Posuvailo
,
V. M.
, and
Kovalchuk
,
I. V.
,
2021
, “
Influence of Hydrogen on the Synthesis of Oxide-Ceramic Coatings on Aluminum Alloys in Electrolytic Plasmas
,”
Mater. Sci.
,
56
(
4
), pp.
560
569
.
20.
Du
,
X. Q.
,
Liu
,
Y. W.
, and
Chen
,
Y.
,
2021
, “
Enhancing the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum by Superhydrophobic Silane/Graphene Oxide Coating
,”
Appl. Phys. A
,
127
(
8
), p.
580
.
21.
Nemane
,
V.
,
Sharma
,
V.
, and
Chatterjee
,
S.
,
2022
, “
Tribological Electroless Ternary Ni-B-W Coatings: A Suitable Alternative to Hard Chromium Coatings
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
144
(
12
), p.
121401
.
22.
Moffitt
,
C. E.
,
Wieliczka
,
D. M.
, and
Yasuda
,
H. K.
,
2001
, “
An XPS Study of the Elemental Enrichment on Aluminum Alloy Surfaces From Chemical Cleaning
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
137
(
2–3
), pp.
188
196
.
23.
Trinidad
,
C.
,
Swiatowska
,
J.
,
Zanna
,
S.
,
Seyeux
,
A.
,
Mercier
,
D.
,
Viroulaud
,
R.
, and
Marcus
,
P.
,
2021
, “
Effect of Surface Preparation Treatments on Copper Enrichment on 2024 Aluminium Alloy Surface
,”
Appl. Surf. Sci.
,
560
, p.
149991
.
24.
Boag
,
A.
,
Hughes
,
A. E.
,
Glenn
,
A. M.
,
Muster
,
T. H.
, and
McColloch
,
D.
,
2011
, “
Corrosion of AA2024-T3 Part I: Localised Corrosion of Isolated IM Particles
,”
Corr. Sci.
,
53
(
1
), pp.
17
26
.
25.
Rangel
,
C. M.
,
Paiva
,
T. I.
, and
da Luz
,
P.
,
2008
, “
Conversion Coating Growth on 2024-T3 Al Alloy. The Effect of Pre-Treatments
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
202
(
14
), pp.
3396
3402
.
26.
Zlamal
,
T.
,
Mrkvica
,
I.
,
Szotkowski
,
T.
, and
Malotova
,
S.
,
2019
, “
The Influence of Surface Treatment of PVD Coating on Its Quality and Wear Resistant
,”
Coatings
,
9
(
7
), p.
439
.
27.
Fernández-Abia
,
A.I.
,
Barreiro
,
J.
,
López de Lacalle
,
L.N.
, and
González Madruga
,
D.
,
2014
, “
Effect of Mechanical Pre-Treatments in the Behaviour of Nanostructured PVD-Coated Tools in Turning
,”
J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
,
73
(
5–8
), pp.
1119
1132
.
28.
Bahcepinar
,
A.I.
, and
Aydin
,
İ
,
2022
, “
Investigation of the Effect of Shot Blasting on the Surface Properties of the HA Coatings Processed by the EPD Method
,”
Kovove. Mater.
,
60
(
5
), pp.
293
302
.
29.
Türkmen
,
İ
,
Kanbur
,
K.
, and
Sargin
,
F.
,
2022
, “
Characteristics of Boronized Ti6Al4V Alloy Using Boric Acid Based Boronizing Mixture
,”
Mater. Charact.
,
192
(
15
), p.
112180
.
30.
Gül
,
C.
,
Albayrak
,
S.
,
Çinici
,
H.
, and
Aytaç
,
A.
,
2022
, “
Improvement in Corrosion Resistance of Tantalum Oxide and Tantalum Oxide With Diethanolamine Sol–Gel Coated Magnesium Alloys
,”
Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf.
,
58
(
3
), pp.
603
614
.
31.
Gül
,
C.
,
Albayrak
,
S.
,
Çinici
,
H.
, and
Algan Şimşek
,
İ.B.
,
2023
, “
The Effects of Alkali, Alkali-Acid and Sandblasting Surface Treatments Applied Before Tantalum-Oxide Coating With Magnetron Sputtering on the Wear Behavior of 7075 Aluminum Alloys
,”
J. Fac. Eng. Archit.
,
38
(
2
), pp.
795
806
.
32.
Sun
,
Y.-S.
,
Chang
,
J.-H.
, and
Huang
,
H.-H.
,
2013
, “
Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of Titanium Surface Coated With Amorphous Tantalum Pentoxide
,”
Thin Solid Films
,
528
, pp.
130
135
.
33.
Xu
,
J.
,
Hu
,
W.
,
Xie
,
Z.-H.
, and
Munroe
,
P.
,
2016
, “
Reactive-Sputter-Deposited β-Ta2O5 and TaON Nanoceramic Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Against Wear and Corrosion Damage
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
296
, pp.
171
184
.
34.
Hu
,
W.
,
Xu
,
J.
,
Lu
,
X.
,
Tao
,
H.
,
Munroe
,
P.
, and
Xie
,
Z. H.
,
2016
, “
Corrosion and Wear Behaviours of a Reactive-Sputter-Deposited Ta2O5 Nanoceramic Coating
,”
Appl. Surf. Sci.
,
368
, pp.
177
190
.
35.
Su
,
Y.
,
Huang
,
W.
,
Zhang
,
T.
,
Shi
,
C.
,
Hu
,
R.
,
Wang
,
Z.
, and
Cai
,
L.
,
2021
, “
Tribological Properties and Microstructure of Monolayer and Multilayer Ta Coatings Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering
,”
Vacuum
,
189
, p.
110250
.
36.
Li
,
X.
,
Wang
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
F.
, and
Liang
,
A.
,
2021
, “
Ta2O5 In-Situ Composite Ta-Based Nanocrystalline Coating With Wonderful Wear Resistance and Related Wear Mechanisms
,”
Mater. Lett.
,
298
, p.
130000
.
37.
Boag
,
A.
,
Taylor
,
R. J.
,
Muster
,
T. H.
,
Goodman
,
N.
,
McCulloch
,
D.
,
Ryan
,
C.
,
Jamieson
,
D.
, and
Hughes
,
A. E.
,
2010
, “
Stable Pit Formation on AA2024-T3 in a NaCl Environment
,”
Corr. Sci.
,
52
(
1
), pp.
90
103
.
38.
Birbilis
,
N.
, and
Buchheit
,
R. G.
,
2008
, “
Investigation and Discussion of Characteristics for Intermetallic Phases Common to Aluminum Alloys as a Function of Solution pH
,”
J. Electrochem. Soc.
,
155
(
3
), p.
117
.
39.
Tan
,
Q.
,
Zhang
,
J.
,
Sun
,
Q.
,
Fan
,
Z.
,
Li
,
G.
,
Yin
,
Y.
,
Liu
,
Y.
, and
Zhang
,
M. X.
,
2020
, “
Inoculation Treatment of an Additively Manufactured 2024 Aluminium Alloy With Titanium Nanoparticles
,”
Acta. Mater.
,
196
, pp.
1
16
.
40.
Ghosh
,
K. S.
,
2019
, “
Calorimetric Studies of 2024 Al–Cu–Mg and 2014 Al–Cu–Mg–Si Alloys of Various Tempers
,”
J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.
,
136
(
2
), pp.
447
459
.
41.
Wang
,
S. C.
, and
Starink
,
M. J.
,
2005
, “
Precipitates and Intermetallic Phases in Precipitation Hardening Al–Cu–Mg–(Li) Based Alloys
,”
Int. Mater. Rev.
,
50
(
4
), pp.
193
215
.
42.
Bansal
,
N. P.
,
1994
, “
Low-Temperature Synthesis, Pyrolysis and Crystallization of Tantalum Oxide Gels
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
,
29
(
19
), pp.
5065
5070
.
43.
Chen
,
X.
,
Bai
,
R.
, and
Huang
,
M.
,
2019
, “
Optical Properties of Amorphous Ta2O5 Thin Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering
,”
Opt. Mater.
,
97
, p.
109404
.
44.
Grilli
,
M. L.
,
Yilmaz
,
M.
,
Aydogan
,
S.
, and
Cirak
,
B. B.
,
2018
, “
Room Temperature Deposition of XRD-Amorphous TiO2 Thin Films: Investigation of Device Performance as a Function of Temperature
,”
Ceram. Int.
,
44
(
10
), pp.
11582
11590
.
45.
Bright
,
T. J.
,
Watjen
,
J. I.
,
Zhang
,
Z. M.
,
Muratore
,
C.
,
Voevodin
,
A. A.
,
Koukis
,
D. I.
,
Tanner
,
D. B.
, and
Arenas
,
D. J.
,
2013
, “
Infrared Optical Properties of Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Ta2O5 Thin Films
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
,
114
(
8
), p.
083515
.
46.
Jimmy Wu
,
S.-J.
,
Houng
,
B.
, and
Huang
,
B.-S.
,
2009
, “
Effect of Growth and Annealing Temperatures on Crystallization of Tantalum Pentoxide Thin Film Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering Method
,”
J. Alloys Compd.
,
475
(
1–2
), pp.
488
493
.
47.
Bowden
,
F.
, and
Tabor
,
D.
,
1973
,
Friction: An Introduction to Tribology
,
Anchor Press
,
New York
.
48.
Du
,
S.
, and
Hamdi
,
M.
,
2020
, “
Experimental and FEM Analysis of MAR Behavior on Amorphous Polymers
,”
Wear
,
444
, p.
203155
.
49.
Du
,
S.
,
Hamdi
,
M.
, and
Sue
,
H. J.
,
2020
, “
Finite Element Modeling on Barrel MAR Behavior of Amorphous Polymers
,”
SPE ANTEC 2020: The Annual Technical Conference for Plastic Professionals (Annual Technical Conference—ANTEC, Conference Proceedings)
,
Virtual
,
March 30
, Vol. 1, pp.
363
367
.
50.
Singh Gautam
,
R. K.
,
Nautiyal
,
H.
,
Tyagi
,
R.
, and
Ranjan
,
V.
,
2022
, “
Tribological Characterization of TiAlC Nanostructured Coatings Deposited by DC Pulse Magnetron Sputtering
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
144
(
8
), p.
081401
.
51.
Du
,
S.
,
Mullins
,
M.
,
Hamdi
,
M.
, and
Sue
,
H.-J.
,
2020
, “
Quantitative Modeling of Scratch Behavior of Amorphous Polymers at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Polymer
,
197
, p.
122504
.
52.
Wu
,
Z.
,
Zhang
,
S.
,
Chen
,
H.
,
Hai
,
W.
,
Liu
,
M.
,
Sun
,
W.
, and
Qin
,
F.
,
2023
, “
Tribo-Oxidation and Tribological Behavior of TaC–20%SiC Composites at Elevated Temperatures
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
145
(
2
), p.
021701
.
53.
Selvi
,
E.
,
Kaba
,
M.
,
Muhaffel
,
F.
,
Vanli
,
A. S.
, and
Baydoğan
,
M.
,
2023
, “
Elevated Temperature Wear Behaviour of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy After Micro-Arc Oxidation in Single and Dual Phase Electrolytes
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
145
(
7
), p.
061409
.
54.
Koli
,
Y.
,
Aravindan
,
S.
, and
Rao
,
P. V.
,
2023
, “
Wear Characteristics of Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured SS308L
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
145
(
3
), p.
031706
.
55.
Molero
,
G.
,
Du
,
S.
,
Mamak
,
M.
,
Agerton
,
M.
,
Hossain
,
M. M.
, and
Sue
,
H. J.
,
2019
, “
Experimental and Numerical Determination of Adhesive Strength in Semi-Rigid Multi-Layer Polymeric Systems
,”
Polym. Test
,
75
, pp.
85
92
.
56.
Du
,
S.
,
Zhu
,
Z.
,
Liu
,
C.
,
Zhang
,
T.
,
Hossain
,
M. M.
, and
Sue
,
H. J.
,
2021
, “
Experimental Observation and Finite Element Method Modeling on Scratch-Induced Delamination of Multilayer Polymeric Structures
,”
Poly. Eng. Sci.
,
61
(
6
), pp.
1742
1754
.
You do not currently have access to this content.