Abstract
Dry sliding wear characteristics of the as-cast Mg–10.1Gd–1.4Y–0.4Zr alloy were investigated at 3.0 m/s within a temperature range of 20–200 °C on a pin-on-disc type wear testing machine. Wear rates were acquired and plotted against load at each test temperature. There existed a turning point on the wear rate versus load curve at each test temperature; it corresponded to the mild-severe wear transition. The wear mechanisms were confirmed through morphological and compositional analysis of worn surfaces. An elevated-temperature wear mechanism transition map was drawn, in which mild and severe wear regions were indicated. The differences in microstructure as well as microhardness in subsurfaces were compared between samples worn in the two different regions. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) softening of the surface material was found to be responsible for mild-severe wear transition. An approximately linear relationship was found between the transition load and test temperature, suggesting that mild-severe wear transition of the alloy still follows a surface temperature criterion even at elevated temperatures. The critical surface temperature is thought of to be the DRX temperature of the alloy. It is approximately 279.3 °C based on the linearly fitting analysis of the transition load versus test temperature.
References
1.
Clow
, B. B.
, 1996
, “Magnesium Industry Overview
,” Adv. Mater. Proc.
, 150
(10
), pp. 33
–34
.2.
Barnett
, M. R.
, Keshavarz
, Z.
, Beer
, A. G.
, and Atwell
, D.
, 2004
, “Influence of Grain Size on the Compressive Deformation of Wrought Mg-3Al-1Zn
,” Acta Mater.
, 52
(17
), pp. 5093
–5103
. 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.07.0153.
Mordike
, B. L.
, and Ebert
, T.
, 2001
, “Magnesium Properties-Applications-Potential
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 302
(1
), pp. 37
–45
. 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01351-44.
Blawert
, C.
, Hort
, N.
, and Kainer
, K. U.
, 2004
, “Automotive Application of Magnesium and Its Alloys
,” Trans. Indian Inst. Met.
, 57
(4
), pp. 397
–408
.5.
Avedesian
, M. M.
, and Baker
, H.
, 1999
, “ASM Specialty Handbook: Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
”, ASM International
, Materials Park, OH
.6.
Schubert
, E.
, Klassen
, M.
, Zerner
, I.
, Walz
, C.
, and Sepold
, G.
, 2001
, “Light-Weight Structures Produced by Laser Beam Joining for Future Applications in Automobile and Aerospace Industry
,” J. Mater. Process. Tech.
, 115
(1
), pp. 2
–8
. 10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00756-77.
Wang
, H.
, Wang
, Q. D.
, Boehlert
, C. J.
, Wang
, J.
, Yin
, D. D.
, Yuan
, J.
, and Ding
, W. J.
, 2016
, “The Impression Creep Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Cast and Cast-Then-Extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr (wt%)
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 649
, pp. 313
–324
. 10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.0018.
Tang
, L.
, Zhao
, Y.
, Islamgaliev
, R. K.
, Valiev
, R. Z.
, and Zhu
, Y. T.
, 2017
, “Microstructure and Thermal Stability of Nanocrystalline Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloy Processed by High Pressure Torsion
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 721
, pp. 577
–585
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.1649.
Wu
, G.
, Jafari Nodooshan
, H. R.
, Zeng
, X.
, Liu
, W.
, Li
, D.
, and Ding
, W.
, 2018
, “Microstructure and High Temperature Tensile Properties of Mg-10Gd-5Y-0.5Zr Alloy After Thermo-Mechanical Processing
,” Metals
, 8
(12
), p. 980
. 10.3390/met812098010.
He
, S. M.
, Zeng
, X. Q.
, Peng
, L. M.
, Gao
, X.
, Nie
, J. F.
, and Ding
, W. J.
, 2007
, “Microstructure and Strengthening Mechanism of High Strength Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr Alloy
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 427
(1–2
), pp. 316
–323
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.03.01511.
Han
, X. Z.
, Xu
, W. C.
, and Shan
, D. B.
, 2011
, “Effect of Precipitates on Microstructures and Properties of Forged Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zn-0.3Zr Alloy During Ageing Process
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 509
(35
), pp. 8625
–8631
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.06.08612.
Cao
, L.
, Liu
, W.
, Li
, Z.
, Wu
, G.
, Xiao
, L.
, Wang
, S.
, and Ding
, W.
, 2014
, “Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Sand-Cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr Magnesium Alloy
,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China
, 24
(3
), pp. 611
–618
. 10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63102-213.
Xu
, C.
, Xu
, S. W.
, Zheng
, M. Y.
, Wu
, K.
, Wang
, E. D.
, Kamado
, S.
, Wang
, G. J.
, and Lv
, X. Y.
, 2012
, “Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr Alloy Sheets Processed by Severe hot Rolling
,” J. Alloys Compd.
, 524
, pp. 46
–52
. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.02.05014.
Gao
, L.
, Chen
, R.
, and Han
, E.
, 2011
, “Enhancement of Ductility in High Strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloy
,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China
, 21
(4
), pp. 863
–868
. 10.1016/S1003-6326(11)60794-215.
Janik
, V.
, Yin
, D. D.
, Wang
, Q. D.
, He
, S. M.
, Chen
, C. J.
, Chen
, Z.
, and Boehlert
, C. J.
, 2011
, “The Elevated-Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Peak-Aged Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr Alloy
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 528
(7–8
), pp. 3105
–3112
. 10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.08916.
Chen
, H.
, and Alpas
, A. T.
, 2000
, “Sliding Wear Map for the Magnesium Alloy Mg-9Al-0.9Zn (AZ91)
,” Wear
, 246
(1–2
), pp. 106
–116
. 10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00495-617.
An
, J.
, Li
, R. G.
, Lu
, Y.
, Chen
, C. M.
, Xu
, Y.
, Chen
, X.
, and Wang
, L. M.
, 2008
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Magnesium Alloys
,” Wear
, 265
(1–2
), pp. 97
–104
. 10.1016/j.wear.2007.08.02118.
Taltavull
, C.
, Torres
, B.
, Lopez
, A. J.
, and Rams
, J.
, 2013
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of AM60B Magnesium Alloy
,” Wear
, 301
(1–2
), pp. 615
–625
. 10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.03919.
Selvan
, S. A.
, and Ramanathan
, S.
, 2010
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Hot Extruded ZE41A Magnesium Alloy
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 527
(7–8
), pp. 1815
–1820
. 10.1016/j.msea.2009.11.01720.
Taltavull
, C.
, Rodrigo
, P.
, Torres
, B.
, Lopez
, A. J.
, and Rams
, J.
, 2014
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of AM50B Magnesium Alloy
,” Mater. Des.
, 56
, pp. 549
–556
. 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.01521.
Ajith Kumar
, K. K.
, Pillai
, U. T. S.
, Pai
, B. C.
, and Chakraborty
, M.
, 2013
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Mg-Si Alloys
,” Wear
, 303
(1–2
), pp. 56
–64
. 10.1016/j.wear.2013.02.02022.
Poddar
, P.
, Daans
, A.
, and Sahoo
, K. L.
, 2014
, “Dry Sliding Wear Characteristics of Gravity Die-Cast Magnesium Alloys
,” Metal. Mater. Trans. A
, 45
(4
), pp. 2270
–2283
. 10.1007/s11661-013-2146-423.
Lim
, S. C.
, and Ashby
, M. F.
, 1987
, “Wear Mechanism Maps
,” Acta Metall.
, 35
(1
), pp. 1
–24
. 10.1016/0001-6160(87)90209-424.
Rigny
, D. A.
, 1996
, “Comments on the Sliding Wear of Metals
,” Tribol. Int.
, 30
(5
), pp. 361
–367
. 10.1016/S0301-679X(96)00065-525.
Blau
, P. J.
, 1989
, Friction and Wear Transitions of Materials
, Noyes Publications
, Park Ridge, NJ
.26.
Liang
, C.
, Li
, C.
, Lv
, X. X.
, and An
, J.
, 2014
, “Correlation Between Friction-Induced Microstructural Evolution, Strain Hardening in Subsurface and Tribological Properties of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy
,” Wear
, 312
(1–2
), pp. 29
–39
. 10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.00127.
Liang
, C.
, Su
, T. F.
, Wang
, Y. B.
, Han
, X.
, Yin
, M. L.
, and An
, J.
, 2015
, “An Investigation on Transition Between Mild and Severe Wear in Mg-5Al-0.8Zn Magnesium Alloy Using Recrystallization Kinetics Modeling
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 137
(3
), p. 031602
. 10.1115/1.402984628.
Liang
, C.
, Han
, X.
, Su
, T. F.
, Li
, C.
, and An
, J.
, 2014
, “Sliding Map for AZ31 Magnesium Alloy
,” Tribol. Trans.
, 57
(6
), pp. 1077
–1085
. 10.1080/10402004.2014.93393929.
An
, J.
, Sun
, W.
, and Niu
, X. D.
, 2017
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behavior and a Proposed Criterion for Mild to Severe Wear Transition of Mg-3Al-0.4Si-0.1Zn Alloy
,” Tribol. Lett.
, 65
(3
), p. 98
. 10.1007/s11249-017-0882-030.
An
, J.
, Xuan
, X. H.
, Zhao
, J.
, Sun
, W.
, and Liang
, C.
, 2016
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behavior and Subsurface Microstructure Evolution of Mg97Zn1Y2 Alloy in a Wide Sliding Speed Range
,” J. Mater. Eng. Perf.
, 25
(12
), pp. 5363
–5373
. 10.1007/s11665-016-2381-031.
Su
, W.
, Xuan
, X. H.
, Li
, L.
, and An
, J.
, 2018
, “Tribological Behavior and Mild-Severe Wear Transition of Mg97Zn1Y2 Alloy With LPSO Structure Phase
,” Materials
, 11
(4
), p. 505
. 10.3390/ma1104050532.
Su
, T. F.
, Han
, X.
, Wang
, Y. B.
, Yin
, M. L.
, Liang
, C.
, and An
, J.
, 2015
, “An Investigation on Subsurface Microstructural Evolution and Mild to Severe Wear Transition in AZ51 Magnesium Alloy
,” Tribol. Trans.
, 58
(3
), pp. 549
–559
. 10.1080/10402004.2014.99378233.
Das
, S.
, Morale
, A. T.
, and Alpas
, A. T.
, 2010
, “Microstructural Evolution During High Temperature Sliding Wear of Mg-3%Al-1%Zn (AZ31) Alloy
,” Wear
, 268
(1–2
), pp. 94
–103
. 10.1016/j.wear.2009.07.00134.
Wang
, S. Q.
, Yang
, Z. R.
, Zhao
, Y. T.
, and Wei
, M. X.
, 2010
, “Sliding Wear Characteristics of AZ91D Alloy at Ambient Temperatures of 25–200
°C
,” Tribol. Lett.
, 38
(1
), pp. 39
–45
. 10.1007/s11249-009-9569-535.
Zafari
, A.
, Ghasemi
, H. M.
, and Mahmudi
, R.
, 2012
, “Tribological Behavior of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures
,” Wear
, 292–293
, pp. 33
–40
. 10.1016/j.wear.2012.06.00236.
Zafari
, A.
, Ghasemi
, H. M.
, and Mahmudi
, R.
, 2014
, “An Investigation on the Tribological Behavior of AZ91 and AZ91 + 3 wt% RE Magnesium Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
,” Mater. Des.
, 54
, pp. 544
–552
. 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.07337.
Labib
, F.
, Ghasmi
, H. M.
, and Mahmudi
, R.
, 2016
, “Dry Tribological Behavior of Mg/SiCp Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures
,” Wear
, 348–349
, pp. 69
–79
. 10.1016/j.wear.2015.11.02138.
Hu
, M.
, Wang
, Q.
, Chen
, C.
, Yin
, D.
, Ding
, W.
, and Ji
, Z.
, 2012
, “Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr Alloy
,” Mater. Des.
, 42
, pp. 223
–229
. 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.05139.
Zhang
, J.
, Zhang
, X.
, Liu
, Q.
, Yang
, S.
, and Wang
, Z.
, 2017
, “Effects of Load on Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr Alloys
,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol.
, 33
(7
), pp. 645
–651
. 10.1016/j.jmst.2016.11.01440.
Archard
, J. F.
, 1953
, “Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 24
(8
), pp. 981
–988
. 10.1063/1.172144841.
Archard
, J. F.
, and Hirst
, W.
, 1956
, “The Wear of Metals Under Unlubricated Conditions
,” Proc. R. Soc. A
, 236
(1206
), pp. 397
–410
. 10.1098/rspa.1956.014442.
Zhang
, J.
, and Alpas
, A. T.
, 1997
, “Transition Between Mild and Severe Wear in Aluminum Alloys
,” Acta Mater.
, 45
(2
), pp. 513
–528
. 10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00191-743.
Yu
, W.
, Chen
, D.
, Tian
, L.
, Zhao
, H.
, and Wang
, X.
, 2019
, “Self-Lubricate and Anisotropic Wear Behavior of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Reinforced With Ti2AlC MAX Phases
,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol.
, 35
(3
), pp. 275
–284
. 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.07.00344.
An
, J.
, Zhang
, Y. X.
, and Lv
, X. X.
, 2018
, “Tribological Characteristics of Mg-3Al-0.4Si-0.1Zn Alloy at Elevated Temperatures of 50–200 °C
,” Tribol. Lett.
, 66
(1
), p. 14
. 10.1007/s11249-017-0968-845.
An
, J.
, Feng
, J. H.
, Yan
, X. H.
, and Li
, R. G.
, 2017
, “Tribological Behavior of Mg97Zn1Y2 Alloy at Elevated Temperatures of 50–200 °C
,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform.
, 26
(10
), pp. 4940
–4952
. 10.1007/s11665-017-2926-x46.
Singh
, J.
, and Alpas
, A. T.
, 1995
, “Elevated Temperature Wear of Al6061 and Al6061-20%Al2O3
,” Scripta Metall. Mater.
, 32
(7
), pp. 1009
–1105
. 10.1016/0956-716X(94)00004-247.
Xiao
, H. C.
, Jiang
, S. N.
, Tang
, B.
, Hao
, W. H.
, Gao
, Y. H.
, Chen
, Z. Y.
, and Liu
, C. M.
, 2015
, “Hot Deformation and Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviors of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloy
,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A
, 628
, pp. 311
–318
. 10.1016/j.msea.2015.01.04148.
Chen
, B.
, Zhou
, W.
, Li
, S.
, Li
, X.
, and Lu
, C.
, 2013
, “Hot Compression Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloy
,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform.
, 22
(9
), pp. 2458
–2466
. 10.1007/s11665-013-0568-149.
Trojanova
, Z.
, Halmesova
, K.
, Drozd
, Z.
, Sima
, V.
, Lucac
, P.
, Dzugan
, J.
, and Minarik
, P.
, 2018
, “Thermal Conductivity of an AZ31 Sheet After Accumulative Roll Bonding
,” Crystals
, 8
(7
), p. 278
. 10.3390/cryst807027850.
Yamasaki
, M.
, and Kawamura
, Y.
, 2009
, “Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity of Mg-Zn-Rare Earth Element Alloys With Long-Period Stacking Ordered Phase
,” Scri. Mater.
, 60
(4
), pp. 264
–267
. 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.10.022Copyright © 2019 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
