Abstract
Switchable building envelope systems, including passive and active systems, have recently seen an increase interest in the literature. Unlike static insulation, switchable insulation systems (SISs) have the ability to adjust the thermal properties of envelope elements. Advanced control strategies for SISs are evaluated in this analysis using genetic algorithm-based optimization techniques. In particular, this study investigates the potential heating and cooling energy savings for deploying optimal controls specific to SIS technologies when applied to residential roofs located in representative US climates. Moreover, energy use and peak demand savings obtained by optimal controls are compared with those obtained from the 2-step rule-based controls. Overall, the analysis results indicate that the maximum monthly additional savings obtained by optimal controls can reach up to 32% compared with 2-step rule sets when an annual analysis is conducted for a residential building located in Golden, CO.
References
1.
Perino
, M.
, and Serra
, V.
, 2015
, “Switching From Static to Adaptable and Dynamic Building Envelopes: A Paradigm Shift for the Energy Efficiency in Buildings
,” J. Facade Des. Eng.
, 3
, pp. 143
–163
.2.
Alam
, M.
, Singh
, H.
, Suresh
, S.
, and Redpath
, D. A. G.
, 2017
, “Energy and Economic Analysis of Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) Used in Non-Domestic Buildings
,” Appl. Energy
, 188
, pp. 1
–8
.3.
Idris
, Y. M.
, and Mae
, M.
, 2017
, “Anti-Insulation Mitigation by Altering the Envelope Layers’ Configuration
,” Energy Build.
, 141
, pp. 186
–204
.4.
Dehwah
, A. H. A.
, and Krarti
, M.
, 2020
, “Impact of Switchable Roof Insulation on Energy Performance of US Residential Buildings
,” Build. Environ.
, 177
, p. 106882
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.1068825.
Favoino
, F.
, Jin
, Q.
, and Overend
, M.
, 2017
, “Design and Control Optimisation of Adaptive Insulation Systems for Office Buildings. Part 1: Adaptive Technologies and Simulation Framework
,” Energy
, 127
, pp. 301
–309
. 10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.0836.
Kimber
, M.
, Clark
, W. W.
, and Schaefer
, L.
, 2014
, “Conceptual Analysis and Design of a Partitioned Multifunctional Smart Insulation
,” Appl. Energy
, 114
, pp. 310
–319
. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.0677.
Pflug
, T.
, Nestle
, N.
, Kuhn
, T. E.
, Siroux
, M.
, and Maurer
, C.
, 2018
, “Modeling of Facade Elements With Switchable U-Value
,” Energy Build.
, 164
, pp. 1
–13
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.0448.
Alongi
, A.
, Angelotti
, A.
, and Mazzarella
, L.
, 2020
, “Experimental Validation of a Steady Periodic Analytical Model for Breathing Walls
,” Build. Environ.
, 168
, p. 106509
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.1065099.
Spanaki
, A.
, Tsoutsos
, T.
, and Kolokotsa
, D.
, 2011
, “On the Selection and Design of the Proper Roof Pond Variant for Passive Cooling Purposes
,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
, 15
, pp. 3523
–3533
. 10.1016/j.rser.2011.05.00710.
Pesenti
, M.
, Masera
, G.
, and Fiorito
, F.
, 2018
, “Exploration of Adaptive Origami Shading Concepts Through Integrated Dynamic Simulations
,” J. Archit. Eng.
, 24
, pp. 1
–14
. 10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.000032311.
Tällberg
, R.
, Jelle
, B. P.
, Loonen
, R.
, Gao
, T.
, and Hamdy
, M.
, 2019
, “Comparison of the Energy Saving Potential of Adaptive and Controllable Smart Windows: A State-of-the-Art Review and Simulation Studies of Thermochromic, Photochromic and Electrochromic Technologies
,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
, 200
, p. 109828
. 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.02.04112.
Berge
, A.
, Hagentoft
, C. E.
, Wahlgren
, P.
, and Adl-Zarrabi
, B.
, 2015
, “Effect From a Variable U-Value in Adaptive Building Components With Controlled Internal Air Pressure
,” Energy Procedia.
, 78
, pp. 376
–381
. 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.67713.
Park
, B.
, Iii
, W. V. S.
, and Krarti
, M.
, 2015
, “Energy Performance Analysis of Variable Thermal Resistance Envelopes in Residential Buildings
,” Energy Build.
, 103
, pp. 317
–325
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.06114.
Rupp
, S.
, and Krarti
, M.
, 2019
, “Analysis of Multi-Step Control Strategies for Dynamic Insulation Systems
,” Energy Build.
, 204
, p. 109459, 1–13
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.10945915.
Choi
, B.
, Yeo
, I.
, Lee
, J.
, Kang
, W. K.
, and Song
, T. H.
, 2016
, “Pillar-Supported Vacuum Insulation Panel With Multi-Layered Filler Material
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 102
, pp. 902
–910
. 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.06.03216.
Fantucci
, S.
, Serra
, V.
, and Perino
, M.
, 2015
, “Dynamic Insulation Systems: Experimental Analysis on a Parietodynamic Wall
,” Energy Procedia
, 78
, pp. 549
–554
. 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.73417.
Koenders
, S. J. M.
, Loonen
, R. C. G. M.
, and Hensen
, J. L. M.
, 2018
, “Investigating the Potential of a Closed-Loop Dynamic Insulation System for Opaque Building Elements
,” Energy Build.
, 173
, pp. 409
–427
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.05118.
Krarti
, M.
, 2019
, Dynamic Insulation Systems for Switchable Building Envelope
, US Patent 62/879,655.19.
Wang
, Y.
, and Peterson
, G. P.
, 2005
, “Investigation of a Novel Flat Heat Pipe
,” ASME J. Heat Transfer
, 127
(2), pp. 165
–170
. 10.1115/1.184278920.
Bichiou
, Y.
, and Krarti
, M.
, 2011
, “Optimization of Envelope and HVAC Systems Selection for Residential Buildings
,” Energy Build.
, 43
, pp. 3373
–3382
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.03121.
AlAjmi
, A.
, Abou-Ziyan
, H.
, and Ghoneim
, A.
, 2016
, “Achieving Annual and Monthly Net-Zero Energy of Existing Building in Hot Climate
,” Appl. Energy
, 165
, pp. 511
–521
. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.07322.
Reynolds
, J.
, Rezgui
, Y.
, Kwan
, A.
, and Piriou
, S.
, 2018
, “A Zone-Level, Building Energy Optimisation Combining an Artificial Neural Network, a Genetic Algorithm, and Model Predictive Control
,” Energy
, 151
, pp. 729
–739
. 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.11323.
Yu
, W.
, Li
, B.
, Jia
, H.
, Zhang
, M.
, and Wang
, D.
, 2015
, “Application of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Building Design
,” Energy Build.
, 88
, pp. 135
–143
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.06324.
Pombeiro
, H.
, Machado
, M. J.
, and Silva
, C.
, 2017
, “Dynamic Programming and Genetic Algorithms to Control an HVAC System: Maximizing Thermal Comfort and Minimizing Cost With PV Production and Storage
,” Sustain. Cities Soc.
, 34
, pp. 228
–238
. 10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.02125.
Loonen
, R. C. G. M.
, Trčka
, M.
, Hensen
, J. L. M.
, 2011
, Exploring the Potential of Climate Adaptive Building Shells
, Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011: 12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association
, Sydney, Australia
, Nov. 14–16
, pp. 2148
–2155
.26.
Kasinalis
, C.
, Loonen
, R. C. G. M.
, Cóstola
, D.
, and Hensen
, J. L. M.
, 2014
, “Framework for Assessing the Performance Potential of Seasonally Adaptable Facades Using Multi-Objective Optimization
,” Energy Build.
, 79
, pp. 106
–113
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.04.04527.
Ooka
, R.
, and Komamura
, K.
, 2009
, “Optimal Design Method for Building Energy Systems Using Genetic Algorithms
,” Build. Environ.
, 44
, pp. 1538
–1544
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.00628.
Jin
, Q.
, Favoino
, F.
, and Overend
, M.
, 2017
, “Design and Control Optimisation of Adaptive Insulation Systems for Office Buildings. Part 2: A Parametric Study for a Temperate Climate
,” Energy
, 127
, pp. 634
–649
. 10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.09629.
Shekar
, V.
, and Krarti
, M.
, 2017
, “Control Strategies for Dynamic Insulation Materials Applied to Commercial Buildings
,” Energy Build.
, 154
, pp. 305
–320
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.08430.
Suer
, G. A.
, Yang
, X.
, Alhawari
, O. I.
, Santos
, J.
, and Vazquez
, R.
, 2012
, “A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Minimizing Total Tardiness in Single Machine Scheduling
,” Int. J. Ind. Eng. Manag.
, 3
, pp. 163
–171
.31.
Yoo
, M.
, and Yokoyama
, T.
, 2016
, “Multiobjective GA for Real Time Task Scheduling
,” Lect. Notes Eng. Comput. Sci.
, 1
, pp. 174
–184
.32.
Kim
, J.-L.
, 2010
, Examining the Relationship Between Algorithm Stopping Criteria and Performance Using Elitist Genetic Algorithm
, Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference
, Baltimore, MD
, Dec. 5–8
, pp. 3220
–3227
.33.
Yigit
, S.
, and Ozorhon
, B.
, 2018
, “A Simulation-Based Optimization Method for Designing Energy Efficient Buildings
,” Energy Build.
, 178
, pp. 216
–227
.34.
Chen
, S.
, Montgomery
, J.
, and Bolufé-Röhler
, A.
, 2015
, “Measuring the Curse of Dimensionality and Its Effects on Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution
,” Appl. Intell.
, 42
, pp. 514
–526
.35.
Odetayo
, M.O.
, 1993
, Optimal Population Size for Genetic Algorithms: An Investigation
, IEE Colloquium on Genetic Algorithms for Control System Engineering
, London, UK
, July 17–22
, pp. 2/1
–2/4
.36.
ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHRAE/IES
. Standard 90.2-2018, 2018
Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating
, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers
, Atlanta, GA
.37.
Booten
, C.
, Robertson
, J.
, Christensen
, D.
, Heaney
, M.
, Brown
, D.
, Norton
, P.
, and Smith
, C.
, 2017
, Residential Indoor Temperature Study
, NREL Report NREL/TP-5500-68019, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68019.pdf38.
DOE
, 2020
, Residential Prototype Building Models, Building Energy Codes Program, US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC, https://www.energycodes.gov/development/residential/iecc_models39.
Roeva
, O.
, Fidanova
, S.
, Paprzycki
, M.
, 2013
, Influence of the Population Size on the Genetic Algorithm Performance in Case of Cultivation Process Modelling
, 2013 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information System (FedCSIS)
, Krakow, Poland
, Sept. 8–11
, pp. 371
–376
.40.
El Maskaoui
, Z.
, 2017
, “Genetic Algorithm Parameters Effect on the Optimal Structural Design Search
,” IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng.
, 14
, pp. 124
–130
. 10.9790/1684-14030512413041.
Kumar
, A.
, and Rangavittal
, H. K.
, 2018
, “Genetic Algorithm Parameter Effect on 3D Truss Optimization With Discrete Variable
,” Adv. J. Grad. Res.
, 5
, pp. 61
–70
. 10.21467/ajgr.5.1.61-7042.
Ghoreishi
, A. H.
, and Ali
, M. M.
, 2013
, “Parametric Study of Thermal Mass Property of Concrete Buildings in US Climate Zones
,” Archit. Sci. Rev.
, 56
, pp. 103
–117
. 10.1080/00038628.2012.72931043.
Reilly
, A.
, and Kinnane
, O.
, 2017
, “The Impact of Thermal Mass on Building Energy Consumption
,” Appl. Energy
, 198
, pp. 108
–121
. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.02444.
Sharston
, R.
, and Murray
, S.
, 2019
, “The Combined Effects of Thermal Mass and Insulation on Energy Performance in Concrete Office Buildings
,” Adv. Build. Energy Res.
, 0
, pp. 1
–16
.45.
Al-Sanea
, S. A.
, Zedan
, M. F.
, and Al-Hussain
, S. N.
, 2012
, “Effect of Thermal Mass on Performance of Insulated Building Walls and the Concept of Energy Savings Potential
,” Appl. Energy
, 89
, pp. 430
–442
. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.08.00946.
Aste
, N.
, Angelotti
, A.
, and Buzzetti
, M.
, 2009
, “The Influence of the External Walls Thermal Inertia on the Energy Performance of Well Insulated Buildings
,” Energy Build.
, 41
, pp. 1181
–1187
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.06.00547.
Bond
, D. E. M.
, Clark
, W. W.
, and Kimber
, M.
, 2013
, “Configuring Wall Layers for Improved Insulation Performance
,” Appl. Energy
, 112
, pp. 235
–245
. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.06.02448.
Algarni
, S.
, 2019
, “Potential for Cooling Load Reduction in Residential Buildings Using Cool Roofs in the Harsh Climate of Saudi Arabia
,” Energy Environ.
, 30
, pp. 235
–253
. 10.1177/0958305X1878734049.
Hosseini
, M.
, and Akbari
, H.
, 2016
, “Effect of Cool Roofs on Commercial Buildings Energy Use in Cold Climates
,” Energy Build.
, 114
, pp. 143
–155
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.05.05050.
Macintyre
, H. L.
, and Heaviside
, C.
, 2019
, “Potential Benefits of Cool Roofs in Reducing Heat-Related Mortality During Heatwaves in a European City
,” Environ. Int.
, 127
, pp. 430
–441
. 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.06551.
Baniassadi
, A.
, Sailor
, D. J.
, and Ban-Weiss
, G. A.
, 2019
, “Potential Energy and Climate Benefits of Super-Cool Materials as a Rooftop Strategy
,” Urban Clim.
, 29
, p. 100495
. 10.1016/j.uclim.2019.10049552.
Gutiérrez
, E.
, González
, J. E.
, Bornstein
, R.
, Arend
, M.
, and Martilli
, A.
, 2013
, “A New Modeling Approach to Forecast Building Energy Demands During Extreme Heat Events in Complex Cities
,” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng.
, 135
(4), p. 040906
. 10.1115/1.402551053.
Brown
, K. E.
, Baniassadi
, A.
, Pham
, J. V.
, Sailor
, D. J.
, and Phelan
, P. E.
, 2020
, “Effects of Rooftop Photovoltaics on Building Cooling Demand and Sensible Heat Flux Into the Environment for an Installation on a White Roof
,” ASME J. Eng. Sustain. Build. Cities
, 1
(2
), p. 021001
. 10.1115/1.404639954.
Hu
, J.
, and Yu
, X. B.
, 2019
, “Adaptive Thermochromic Roof System: Assessment of Performance Under Different Climates
,” Energy Build.
, 192
, pp. 1
–14
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.02.04055.
Seifhashem
, M.
, Capra
, B. R.
, Milller
, W.
, and Bell
, J.
, 2018
, “The Potential for Cool Roofs to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Single Storey Warehouse-Type Retail Buildings in Australia: A Simulation Case Study
,” Energy Build.
, 158
, pp. 1393
–1403
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.03456.
Piselli
, C.
, Pisello
, A. L.
, Saffari
, M.
, de Gracia
, A.
, Cotana
, F.
, and Cabeza
, L. F.
, 2019
, “Cool Roof Impact on Building Energy Need: The Role of Thermal Insulation With Varying Climate Conditions
,” Energies
, 12
, p. 3354
. 10.3390/en1217335457.
Testa
, J.
, and Krarti
, M.
, 2017
, “Evaluation of Energy Savings Potential of Variable Reflective Roofing Systems for US Buildings
,” Sustain. Cities Soc.
, 31
, pp. 62
–73
. 10.1016/j.scs.2017.01.01658.
Testa
, J.
, and Krarti
, M.
, 2017
, “A Review of Benefits and Limitations of Static and Switchable Cool Roof Systems
,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
, 77
, pp. 451
–460
. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.030Copyright © 2020 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
