... that the flow pattern maps need improvement in the transition regions from intermittent to annular flow. 17 04 2007 07 08 2007 19 06 2009 boiling carbon compounds convection flow visualisation pattern formation pipe flow two-phase flow CO 2 low temperature heat transfer...

...Yoon Jo Kim; Jeremy Jang; Predrag S. Hrnjak; Min Soo Kim This paper presents heat transfer data for the condensation of CO 2 at low temperatures in horizontal smooth and microfin tubes. The test tubes included a 3.48 mm inner diameter smooth tube and a 3.51 mm melt-down diameter microfin tube...

... low temperature two-phase One of the most common techniques for augmenting in-tube condensation in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems is the use of microfin tubes developed at the end of 1970. However, in spite of the recent interest in C O 2 , little, if any experimental...

... carbon nanotube thermal interface material contact thermal resistance plasma CVD low temperature photoacoustic The CNT diameter ranges displayed in Table 1 include two standard deviations from the mean, and the average is determined from diameters within the ranges. As growth temperature...

... plate with the test sample. Frost deposited on the both sides of the sample. The coolant supply loop contained a stainless steel bath with heaters and heat exchanger connected to a low-temperature refrigerating unit. Such a design provided maintenance of constant coolant temperature in the range from...

.... , and Huggins , C. E. 1976 , “ A Membrane Model Describing the Effect of Temperature on the Water Conductivity of Erythrocyte Membranes at Subzero Temperatures ,” Cryobiology , 13 , pp. 415 – 429 . Toner, M., 1993, “Nucleation of Ice Crystals Inside Biological Cells,” in Advances In Low-Temperature...

...; revision received, July 22, 1998. Keywords: Heat Transfer, Low Temperature, Thermophysical, Thin Films. Associate Technical Editor: A. Majumdar. on the thermodynamic properties, dependent only on the bulk phonon mode, are considered for a thin-film structure. Although there have been quite a good number...