Fig. 1 Schematic of experimental setup Schematic of experimental setup More

Fig. 2 Effect of injection strategies on indicated specific emissions of—( a ) NO x and ( b ) CO 2E Effect of injection strategies on indicated specific emissions of—(a) NOx and (b) CO2E More

Fig. 3 Effect of injection strategies on—( a ) cylinder pressure and ( b ) heat release rate Effect of injection strategies on—(a) cylinder pressure and (b) heat release rate More

Fig. 4 Factory ECU operation—( a ) cylinder pressure and ( b ) heat release rate Factory ECU operation—(a) cylinder pressure and (b) heat release rate More

Fig. 5 Programmable ECU operation—( a ) cylinder pressure and ( b ) heat release rate Programmable ECU operation—(a) cylinder pressure and (b) heat release rate More

Fig. 6 Effect of N 2 or CO 2 dilution ratio on—( a ) CA10, ( b ) CA50, ( c ) CA10-90, and ( d ) ITE Effect of N2 or CO2 dilution ratio on—(a) CA10, (b) CA50, (c) CA10-90, and (d) ITE More

Fig. 7 Effect of N 2 or CO 2 dilution ratio on indicated specific emissions of—( a ) NO x and ( b ) PM Effect of N2 or CO2 dilution ratio on indicated specific emissions of—(a) NOx and (b) PM More

Fig. 8 Effect of N 2 or CO 2 dilution ratio on indicated specific emissions of—( a ) CO, ( b ) HC, and ( c ) CO 2E Effect of N2 or CO2 dilution ratio on indicated specific emissions of—(a) CO, (b) HC, and (c) CO2E More

Fig. 9 One-dimensional simulation results—( a ) ignition delay of biogas at different initial temperatures and ( b ) highlighted section One-dimensional simulation results—(a) ignition delay of biogas at different initial temperatures and (b) highlighted section More

Fig. 10 One-dimensioinal simulation results: ( a ) laminar flame speed and ( b ) adiabatic flame temperature One-dimensioinal simulation results: (a) laminar flame speed and (b) adiabatic flame temperature More

Fig. 1 Test facility diagram: ( a ) experimental setup and ( b ) optical setup Test facility diagram: (a) experimental setup and (b) optical setup More

Fig. 2 Pressure distributions at the midspan for the central three blades Pressure distributions at the midspan for the central three blades More

Fig. 3 Sketch of tip configurations: ( a ) FT, ( b ) SSRST, ( c ) PSRST, and ( d ) DSRST Sketch of tip configurations: (a) FT, (b) SSRST, (c) PSRST, and (d) DSRST More

Fig. 4 Test model: ( a ) blade layout, ( b ) PSP painted, ( c ) spanwise angle definition, ( d ) shaped hole, ( e ) ejection angle definition, and ( f ) compound angle definition Test model: (a) blade layout, (b) PSP painted, (c) spanwise angle definition, (d) shaped hole, (e) ejection angle def... More

Fig. 5 PSP calibration curves PSP calibration curves More

Fig. 6 Computational model Computational model More

Fig. 7 Comparisons of phantom cooling effects between measurement (FT, M  =   1.5, τ  = 1.32% C ) and predictions: ( a ) exp., ( b ) SST k–ω , ( c ) standard k–ω , ( d ) standard k–ε , and ( e ) quantitative comparison Comparisons of phantom cooling effects between measurement (FT, M = 1.5... More