In this paper, a methodology, and a program based on the methodology, are presented, which, using the reliability of solder joints for various values of design/process parameters, can be estimated in seconds on a personal computer. The proposed methodology accurately captures the behavior of a solder joint in an artificial neural network (ANN) model trained to relate design as well as analysis parameters to fatigue life. The proposed methodology is novel since such simultaneous analysis and design (SAND) procedures do not appear to have been employed until now for reliability estimation of solder joints. The use of Moire´ interferometry as an experimental technique to estimate the analysis-related inputs to the neutral network model is also presented in the paper. [S1043-7398(00)01101-4]

1.
Corbin
,
J. S.
,
1993
, “
Finite Element Analysis for Solder Ball Connect (SBC) Structural Design Optimization
,”
IBM J. Res. Dev.
,
37
, pp.
585
596
.
2.
Guo
,
Y.
,
Lim
,
C. K.
,
Chen
,
W. T.
, and
Woychik
,
C. G.
,
1993
, “
Solder Ball Connect (SBC) Assemblies Under Thermal Loading: I—Deformation Measurement via Moire´ Interferometry, and its Interpretation
,”
IBM J. Res. Dev.
,
37
, pp.
635
647
.
3.
Deshpande
,
A. M.
,
Subbarayan
,
G.
, and
Mahajan
,
R. L.
,
1997
, “
Maximizing Solder Joint Reliability Through Optimal Shape Design
,”
ASME J. Electron. Packag.
,
199
, No.
3
, pp.
149
155
.
4.
Haftka, R. T., and Gurdal, Z., 1992, Elements of Structural Optimization, Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
5.
Zhang, I., Hunter, B., Subbarayan, G., and Rose, D., 1998, “The Accuracy of Structural Approximations Employed in Analysis of Area Array Packages,” Sixth Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Itherm 98), May, 27–30, 1998, Seattle, WA.
6.
SIA, 1997, “The National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.”
7.
Lochner, R. H., and Matar, J. E., 1990, Designing for Quality, ASQC Quality Press, American Society for Quality Control, Milwaukee, WI.
8.
Subbarayan, G., 1995, “A procedure for Automated Profile and Life Prediction in Flip-Chip and BGA Solder Joints Part I: Mathematical Model,” ASME Paper 95-WA/EEP-17.
9.
Subbarayan, G., 1995, “A Procedure for Automated Profile and Life Prediction in Flip-Chip and BGA Solder Joints Part II: Numerical Solution,” ASME Paper 95-WA/EEP-25.
10.
Subbarayan
,
G.
,
1996
, “
A Procedure for Automated Profile and Life Prediction in Flip-Chip and BGA Solder Joints
,”
ASME J. Electron. Packag.
,
118
, pp.
127
333
.
11.
Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc., 1995, ABAQUS user’s manual, version 5.5.
12.
Hwang, J. S., 1989, Solder Paste in Electronics Packaging, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
13.
Darveaux, B. K., Mawer, A., and Doddy, G., 1995, Reliability of Plastic Ball Grid Array Assembly, Ball Grid Technology, J. H. Lau, ed., McGraw Hill, Inc., New York.
14.
Coffin
,
L. F.
, Jr.
,
1954
, “
A Study of Cyclic Thermal Stresses in a Ductile Metal
,”
Trans. ASME
,
76
, pp.
931
950
.
15.
Manson, S. S., 1953, “Behavior of Materials Under Conditions of Thermal Stress,” Heat Transfer Symposium, University of Michigan Engineering Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 9–75.
16.
Coffin, L. F., Jr., 1969, “Predictive Parameters and Their Application to High Temperature Low Cycle Fatigue Fracture,” Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Fracture, Brighton, 1969, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 643–654.
17.
Norris
,
K. C.
, and
Landzberg
,
A. H.
,
1969
, “
Reliability of Controlled Collapse Interconnections
,”
IBM J. Res. Dev.
,
13
, pp.
266
271
.
18.
Halford, G. R., Hirschberg, M. H., and Manson, S. S., 1972, “Temperature Effects on the Strain Range Partitioning Approach for Creep-Fatigue Analysis,” Program of the 1972 Symposium on Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures, p. vii+92, 67–8.
19.
Dasgupta
,
A.
,
Oyan
,
C.
,
Barker
,
D.
, and
Pecht
,
M.
,
1992
, “
Solder Creep-Fatigue Analysis by an Energy-Partitioning Approach
,”
ASME J. Electron. Packag.
,
114
, pp.
152
159
.
20.
Vaynman
,
S.
, and
McKeown
,
A.
,
1993
, “
Energy Based Methodology for the Fatigue Life Prediction of Solder Materials
,”
IEEE Trans. Compon., Hybrids, Manuf. Technol.
,
16
, pp.
317
322
.
21.
Solomon
,
H. D.
, and
Tolksdorf
,
E. D.
,
1995
, “
Energy Approach to the Fatigue of 60/40 Solder: Part I—Influence of Temperature and Cycle Frequency
,”
ASME J. Electron. Packag.
,
117
, No.
2
, pp.
130
135
.
22.
Solomon
,
H. D.
, and
Tolksdorf
,
E. D.
,
1996
, “
Energy Approach to the Fatigue of 60/40 Solder: Part II—Influence of Hold Time and Asymmetric Loading
,”
ASME J. Electron. Packag.
,
118
, pp.
67
71
.
23.
Ishikawa
,
H.
,
Sasaki
,
K.
, and
Ohguchi
,
K.
,
1996
, “
Prediction of Fatigue Failure of 60Sn-40Pb solder Using Constitutive Model for Cyclic Viscoplasticity
,”
ASME J. Electron. Packag.
,
118
, pp.
164
169
.
24.
Smith, M., 1996, Neural Networks for Statistical Modeling, International Thompson Computer Press.
25.
Hornik
,
K.
,
Stinchcombe
,
M.
, and
White
,
H.
,
1989
, “
Multilayer Feedforward Networks are Universal Approximators
,”
Neural Networks
,
2
, pp.
183
192
.
26.
Cybenko
,
G.
,
1989
, “
Approximation by Superposition of Sigmoidal Functions
,”
Math. Control, Signals, Syst.
2
, pp.
303
314
.
27.
Drakopoulos, P., 1997, “Color Printer Characterization Using Optimization Theory and Artificial Neural Networks,” M. S. thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
You do not currently have access to this content.