...Carolyn Van Toen; Jarrod W. Carter; Thomas R. Oxland; Peter A. Cripton Translational constraint in the test apparatus led to quasi-static and dynamic shear forces, which acted to produce a moment that opposed the expected moment. Moments measured in spine segment testing can be significantly...

... lead to life-altering injuries. These events achieve higher forces over shorter durations than car crashes, the current standard used for protective measures. In order to determine appropriate injury limits for the lower limb, a testing apparatus has been designed that can simulate these types...