Fig. 1 ( a ) Overview of the mechanistic challenges for lithium metal anode in liquid electrolytes (Recreated with permission from Cheng et al. [ 4 ]. Copyright 2017 by American Chemical Society), ( b ) schematic illustration of the impact of SEI morphology and mechanical strength on SEI fracture ... More

Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of liquid and solid electrolyte-based lithium metal battery. The stability of lithium metal anodes in liquid and solid electrolytes is distinctly influenced by fundamental differences pertaining to the chemo–mechanical interactions, ionic transport, and electrolyte we... More

Fig. 3 ( a ) SEM image showing lithium metal penetration along the grain boundaries of cycled Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) (Reproduced with permission from Chen et al. [ 21 ]. Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Ltd.), ( b ) Electro-chemo-mechanical model proposed by Porz et al. [ 28 ] to predict lithium me... More

Fig. 4 ( a ) Normalized voltage as a function of time for Li | Li 6 PS 5 Cl | Li symmetric cell during plating and stripping at different stack pressures (Reproduced with permission from Doux et al. [ 144 ]. Copyright 2019 by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.), ( b ) cell resistance ... More

Fig. 5 ( a ) Electrochemical stability window of various solid electrolytes and decomposition products. Dotted lines denote the oxidation potential required to fully delithiated the material. (Reproduced with permission from Zhu et al. [ 68 ]. Copyright 2015 by American Chemical Society.) ( b ) Sc... More

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional electrode-level and particle-level representation of the cathode-electrolyte interface for ( a ) liquid electrolyte, ( b ) sulfide-based solid electrolyte, and ( c ) oxide-based solid electrolyte. Liquid electrolyte fully wets the active material particle surface resulting... More

Fig. 7 ( a ) Schematic demonstration of various modes of mechanical degradation occurring at the cathode–solid electrolyte interface within solid-state batteries (Reproduced with permission from Famprikis et al. [ 52 ]. Copyright 2019 by Springer Nature Limited). ( b ) Scanning electron micrograph... More

Fig. 8 Comparison between the electrochemical performance signatures with and without the interfacial delamination for ( a ) LCO and ( b ) NMC cathodes, respectively. (Reproduced with permission from Barai et al. [ 56 ]. Copyright 2021 by American Chemical Society.) LCO and NMC cathodes exhibit di... More

Fig. 9 ( a ) Fundamental differences underlying the chemo–mechanical interactions in cathodes with liquid and solid electrolytes. ( b ) Representative comparison of the active material utilization and the electrochemical performance signature with and without considering the solid–solid contact st... More

Fig. 10 ( a ) Mechanical damage in the solid electrolyte obtained using the cohesive zone model (Reproduced with permission from Bucci et al. [ 59 ]. Copyright 2017 by The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017.), ( b ) crack formation and propagation within the graphite and tin anode particles captured ... More

Fig. 11 ( a ) Schematic illustration of the underlying differences between polycrystalline and single crystal cathode particles during electrochemical operation, ( b ) molar ratio of Co/(Ni + Co) and the corresponding relative volume change for various cathode active materials (Reproduced with per... More

Fig. 12 ( a ) Representative charge/discharge signature of the Li–S battery along with the schematic of corresponding reaction pathway [ 212 , 213 ], ( b ) schematic representation of the microstructure evolution of sulfur cathode during discharge operation [ 214 ], ( c ) schematic illustration of... More

Fig. 13 Comparison of ( a ) charge–discharge signatures, ( b ) cycling performance, ( c ) rate performance, and ( d )internal resistances between liquid and solid electrolyte-based Li–S battery (Reproduced with permission from Xuet al. [ 216 ]. Copyright 2017 by The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017... More

Fig. 14 ( a ) Schematic of a three-dimensional bilayer garnet solid electrolyte framework for high energy density and performance of solid-state Li–S battery (Reproduced with permission from Fu et al. [ 217 ]. Copyright 2017 by The Royal Society of Chemistry.), ( b ) cycling performance of the sol... More

Fig. 15 Key mechanisms pertaining to the electro-chemo-mechanical interactions in solid-state batteries. Structural heterogeneities such as presence of grain and grain boundaries and surface defects, chemical reactivity of lithium with solid electrolyte, contact loss during stripping, and filament... More

Fig. 1 Phase portrait of the unforced Duffing oscillator. The red dots denote the three fixed points admitted by the system. The blue (resp. orange) thick line depicts the stable (resp. unstable) manifold of the saddle point located at the origin. Gray lines highlight a few trajectories exhibited ... More