... in the mechanical analysis, are usually obtained by the plane-strain hypothesis for simplicity. However, it is found that the practical condition is usually closer to the traction free, even for the cases with a relatively large width. Here, a traction-free model is proposed to analytically obtain the effective...

... then be considered in a two-dimensional (2D) state of plane strain in x - z plane. It is here that the governing 2D PDEs are transformed into a coupled system of first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in transverse z direction by introducing partial discretization in the finite inplane direction x...