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Research Papers

# Flow Rate Optimization of a Linear Concentrating Photovoltaic System

[+] Author and Article Information
Tony Kerzmann

School Engineering,
Mathematics and Science,
129 John Jay Center,
Robert Morris University,
Pittsburgh, PA 15108
e-mail: tonykerz@yahoo.com

Laura Schaefer

Swanson School of Engineering,
153 Benedum Hall,
University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA 15261
e-mail: laschaef@engr.pitt.edu

1Corresponding author.

Contributed by the Solar Energy Division of ASME for publication in the Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. Manuscript received December 22, 2010; final manuscript received September 28, 2012; published online January 7, 2013. Assoc. Editor: Ignacio Tobias.

J. Sol. Energy Eng 135(2), 021009 (Jan 07, 2013) (7 pages) Paper No: SOL-10-1194; doi: 10.1115/1.4023006 History: Received December 22, 2010; Revised September 28, 2012

## Abstract

The world is facing an imminent energy supply crisis. In order to sustain and increase our energy supply in an environmentally conscious manner, it is necessary to advance renewable technologies. An area of recent interest is in concentrating solar energy systems that use very high efficiency solar cells. Much of the recent research in this field is oriented toward three dimensional high concentration systems, but this research focused on a two dimensional linear concentrating photovoltaic (LCPV) system combined with an active cooling and waste heat recovery system. The LCPV system serves two major purposes: it produces electricity and the waste heat that is collected can be used for heating purposes. There are three parts to the LCPV simulation. The first part simulates the cell cooling and waste heat recovery system using a model consisting of heat transfer and fluid flow equations. The second part simulates the GaInP/GaAs/Ge multijunction solar cell output so as to calculate the temperature-dependent electricity generation. The third part of the simulation includes a waste heat recovery model which links the LCPV system to a hot water storage system. Coupling the multijunction cell model, waste heat recovery model and hot water storage system model gives an overall integrated system that is useful for system design, optimization, and acts as a stepping stone for future multijunction cell photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems simulation. All of the LCPV system components were coded in Engineering Equation Solver V8.425 (EES) and were used to evaluate a 6.2 kWp LCPV system under actual weather and solar conditions for the Phoenix, AZ, region. This evaluation was focused on obtaining an optimum flowrate, so as to produce the most electrical and heat energy while reducing the amount of parasitic load from the fluid cooling system pump. Under the given conditions, it was found that an optimal cooling fluid flowrate of 4 gal/min ($2.52×10-4m3/s$) would produce and average of 45.9 kWh of electricity and 15.9 kWh of heat energy under Phoenix conditions from July 10–19, 2005. It was also found that the LCPV system produced an average of $4.59 worth of electrical energy and displaced$0.79 worth of heat energy, while also displacing a global warming potential equivalent of 0.035 tons of $CO2$ per day. This simulation uses system input parameters that are specific to the current design, but the simulation is capable of modeling the LCPV system under numerous other conditions.

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## Figures

Fig. 1

3D drawing of the LCPV system (top) and a component drawing of the LCPV system (bottom)

Fig. 2

Energy balance for the hot water storage tank

Fig. 4

Ten day efficiency versus flow rate

Fig. 5

Multijunction cell efficiency versus flow rate

Fig. 6

LCPV system electricity production comparison including pump losses

Fig. 7

LCPV system electricity and thermal energy production versus flow rate

Fig. 3

Ten day bulk flow temperature versus flow rate

Fig. 9

Equivalent global warming potential displacement versus flow rate

Fig. 8

Equivalent dollar value displacement versus flow rate

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