Burch, J., Egrican, N., and Carlisle, N., 1990, “Calcium Carbonate Scaling in Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems,” "Proceedings of the Annual American Solar Energy Society Conference", Austin, TX, pp. 262–266.
Baker, D., and Vliet, G., 2001, “Designing Solar Hot Water Systems for Scaling Environments,” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 123 (1), pp. 43–47.
[CrossRef]Baker, D., and Vliet, G., 2003, “Identifying and Reducing Scaling Problems in Solar Hot Water Systems,” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 125 (1), pp. 61–66.
[CrossRef]Harrison, S. J., 2005, “Passive Heat Exchanger Anti-Fouling For Solar DHW Systems,” Presented at the ASME International Solar Energy Conference , Orlando, FL, Aug. 6–12, Paper No. ISEC2005-76232, pp. 403–407.
Wang, Y., Davidson, J., and Francis, L., 2005, “Scaling in Polymer Tubes and Interpretation for Use in Solar Water Heating Systems,” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 127 , pp. 3–14.
[CrossRef]Sanft, P., Francis, L., and Davidson, J. H., 2006, “Calcium Carbonate Formation on Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) and Polypropylene Random Copolymer (PP-r),” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 128 (2), pp. 251–254.
[CrossRef]Wu, Z., Francis, L. F., and Davidson, J. H., 2009, “Scale Formation on Polypropylene and Copper Tubes in Mildly Supersaturated Potable Water,” Sol. Energy, 83 , pp. 636–645.
[CrossRef]Wu, Z., 2008, “Scale Formation on Polypropylene and Copper Tubes,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Snoeyink, V. L., and Jenkins, D., 1980, "Water Chemistry", Wiley, New York.
Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J., 1996, "Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters", Wiley, New York, pp. 760–817.
Wang, Z., Neville, A., and Meredith, A. W., 2005, “How and Why Does Scale Stick—Can the Surface be Engineered to Decrease Scale Formation and Adhesion?,” SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Scale , Aberdeen, UK, pp. 1–8.
Tianquing, L., Yuwen, S., and Xinghai, W., 1999, “Formation and Removal Processes of CaCO3 Fouling,” "Proceedings of an International Conference on Mitigation of Heat Exchanger Fouling and Its Economical and Environmental Implications", Banff, Alberta, Canada, pp. 262–269.
Loo, C. E., and Bridgwater, J., 1985, “Theory of Thermal Stresses and Deposit Removal,” Powder Technol., 42 , pp. 55–65.
[CrossRef]Bohnet, M., Augustin, W., and Hirsch, H., 1997, "Influence of Fouling Layer Shear Strength on Removal Behavior", United Engineering Foundation and Begell House, New York, pp. 201–208.
Bohnet, M., 1987, “Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces,” Chem. Eng. Technol., 10 , pp. 113–125.
[CrossRef]Yiantsios, S. G., and Karabelas, A. J., 1994, “Fouling of Tube Surfaces: Modeling of Removal Kinetics,” AIChE J., 40 , pp. 1804–1813.
[CrossRef]Yiantsios, S. G., and Karabelas, A. J., 1995, “Detachment of Spherical Microparticles Adhering on Flat Surfaces by Hydrodynamic Forces,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 176 , pp. 74–85.
[CrossRef]Ahmadi, G., and Zhang, H., 2005, “Removal of Particle Pairs From a Plane Surface,” J. Adhes., 81 , pp. 189–212.
[CrossRef]Ahmadi, G., Guo, S., and Busnaina, A. A., 2007, “Particle Adhesion and Detachment in Turbulent Flows Including Capillary Force,” Part. Sci. Technol., 25 , pp. 59–76.
[CrossRef]Chang, K., and Hammer, D. A., 1996, “Influence of Direction and Type of Applied Force on the Detachment of Macromolecularly-Bound Particles From Surfaces,” Langmuir, 12 , pp. 2271–2282.
[CrossRef]Soltani, M., and Ahmadi, G., 1994, “On Particle Adhesion and Removal Mechanisms in Turbulent Flows,” J. Adhes., 8 , pp. 763–785.
[CrossRef]Ziskind, G., Fichman, M., and Gutfinger, C., 1995, “Resuspension of Particulates From Surfaces to Turbulent Flows—Review and Analysis,” J. Aerosol Sci., 26 , pp. 613–644.
[CrossRef]Taheri, M., and Bragg, G. M., 1992, “A Study of Particle Resuspension in a Turbulent Flow Using a Preston Tube,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 16 , pp. 15–20.
[CrossRef]Burdick, G. M., Berman, N. S., and Beaudoin, S. P., 2005, “Hydrodynamic Particle Removal From Surfaces,” Thin Solid Films, 488 , pp. 116–123.
[CrossRef]Cooper, K., Gupta, A., and Beaudoin, S. P., 2001, “Simulation of the Adhesion of Particles to Substrates,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 234 , pp. 284–292.
[CrossRef]Mullins, M. E., Michaels, L. P., and Menon, V., 1992, “Effect of Geometry on Particle Adhesion,” Aerosol Sci. Technol., 17 , pp. 105–118.
[CrossRef]Visser, J., 1995, “Particle Adhesion and Removal: A Review,” Part. Sci. Technol., 13 , pp. 169–196.
[CrossRef]Busnaina, A., Taylor, J., and Schaeffer, D. M., 1993, “Measurement of the Adhesion and Removal Forces of Submicrometer Particles on Silicon Substrates,” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 7 , pp. 441–455.
[CrossRef]Heimez, P. C., and Rajagopala, R., 1997, "Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry", Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 462–498.
Bargeman, L., and van Voorst, V. F., 1972, “Van Der Waals Force Between Immersed Particles,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 37 , pp. 45–52.
[CrossRef]Bergstrom, L., 1997, “Hamaker Constants of Inorganic Materials,” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 70 , pp. 125–169.
[CrossRef]Kinloch, A. J., 1987, "Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology", Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 78–96.
Tolbot, J., 1998, "Corrosion Science and Technology", CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 43–67.
Van Oss, C. J., Chaudhury, M. K., and Good, R. J., 1988, “Interfacial Lifshitz-Van Der Waals and Polar Interactions in Macroscopic Systems,” Chem. Rev. (Washington, D.C.), 88 , pp. 927–941.
Janczuk, B., Wojcik, W., and Zdziennicka, A., 1993, “Determination of Surface-Free Energy Components of Synthetic Chalcocite From Contact Angle Measurements,” Powder Technol., 76 , pp. 223–239.
Wu, W., Giese, R. F., and Van Oss, C. J., 1996, “Change in Surface Properties of Solids Caused by Grinding,” Powder Technol., 89 , pp. 129–132.
[CrossRef]Johnson, K. L., Kendall, K., and Roberts, A. D., 1971, “Surface Energy and the Contact of Elastic Solids,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 324 , pp. 301–313.
[CrossRef]Ahmadi, G., and Guo, S., 1998, “Adhesion and Detachment of Bumpy Particle in Turbulent Flows—Effects of Electrostatic and Capillary Forces,” 17th Annual Conference of the American Association for Aerosol Research, AAAR ’98 , Cincinnati, OH, (June), pp. 360–363.
